What is trench gun?

The term "trench gun" generally refers to a specific variant of the shotgun, most notably the Model 1897 and Model 1912 (Winchester Model 1912), modified for close-quarters combat during World War I.

Key characteristics of trench guns included:

• Shortened barrels: Typically around 20 inches, making them more maneuverable in the cramped conditions of trenches.
• Pump-action mechanism: Allowed for rapid follow-up shots.
• Bayonet lug: For attaching a bayonet for hand-to-hand combat. Often, a perforated heat shield was added to protect the shooter's hand from the hot barrel.
• Slamfire capability: The Model 1897, in particular, could be "slamfired" by holding the trigger down and pumping the action, firing each time the action closed.

The German Empire protested the use of trench guns, arguing that they caused unnecessary suffering and violated the laws of war. They even threatened to execute captured American soldiers found carrying them. However, the U.S. government refuted these claims and threatened retaliation.

The "trench gun" proved highly effective in clearing enemy trenches, providing a devastating close-range weapon. It remained in service in later conflicts, albeit in more limited roles.